Ko se svet preusmeri na nove energijske vire, se krepimo med natrijevim in litij-ionskim baterijam. Trenutno litij-ionske baterije vodijo na trg, vendar natrijeve-ionske baterije pridobivajo pozornost zaradi nekaterih privlačnih prednosti. Raziščite, kaj je vsaka edinstvena, njihove prednosti in slabosti ter njihove potencialne prihodnje usmeritve.
Kaj so natrij-ionske baterije?
Natrijeva-ionska baterija (SIB) je napolnjena baterija z uporabo natrijevih ionov (NA⁺) kot nosilcev naboja. Vsebuje katodo, ki vsebuje natrij, anodo in tekoči elektrolit. Med polnjenjem se natrijevi ioni ekstrahirajo in vstavijo v anodo, medtem ko se odvajanje pojavlja obratno.
Obstajajo različne vrste natrijevih-ionskih baterij, vključno z NAMNO2, NA3V2 (PO4) 2F3 in NA2FEFE (CN) 6.
NaMnO₂ (Layered Oxide)
- Working Voltage: 3.2 V; operational range: -40°C to 80°C.
- Cycle Life: Up to 4,500 cycles in lab prototypes with structural optimization (e.g., boron doping).
- Challenges: Rapid capacity decay (20 cycles) due to Mn³⁺ phase transitions; modified variants improve stability.
Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ (NVPF, NASICON-type)
- Energy Density: 75 Wh/kg at 1C rate; high voltage plateaus at 3.7 V and 4.2 V.
- Cycle Stability: Over 4,000 cycles in full-cell configurations due to carbon coatings and electrolyte additives (e.g., FEC).
- Applications: Suitable for grid storage and EVs due to thermal resilience and long lifespan.
Na₂FeFe(CN)₆ (Prussian White)
- Učinkovitost: doseže 160 WH/kg energijske gostote s 3.000 cikli, če je seznanjen s trdimi ogljikovimi anodami; koristi od hitre difuzije NA⁺ v kubičnem okviru.
- Prednosti: Združljivost z nizko temperaturo (-20 ° C z 80% zadrževanjem zmogljivosti) in razširljiva sinteza, komercializirana s strani CATL.
Kaj so litij-ionske baterije?
Litij-ionske baterije so se z leti bistveno razvijale, prve pa so se razvile v 70. letih prejšnjega stoletja. Sestavljajo jih štiri glavne komponente: katoda, anoda, elektrolit in separator.
Katoda določa zmogljivost in napetost, anoda pa elektrone usmerja skozi žico. The elektrolit enables lithium ion movement between the cathode and anode for safe electricity flow. High ionic conductivity materials facilitate this movement, which varies based on electrolyte type.
There are six main types of lithium batteries; more information can be found here.
Sodium-ion Battery vs Lithium-ion Battery
When comparing sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries, a comparison table offers a clear view of their differences.
| Features | Sodium-ion Battery | Lithium-ion Battery |
| Material Availability | Abundant | Omejena |
| Vpliv na okolje | Eco-friendly | Less eco-friendly |
| Stroški | Cheap | visoko |
| Območje obratovanja | višje | visoko |
| Življenjski cikel | visoko | visoko |
| Power Density | Nizka | visoko |
| Charge Time | Hitreje | Fast |
Challenges for Sodium-ion Battery
Sodium-ion battery manufacturing faces several challenges before it can replace lithium-ion batteries.
- There is no established supply chain for materials, and few companies are involved, leading to higher costs.
- The technology is still developing, limiting design flexibility and resulting in lower density and storage capacity compared to lithium batteries.
- Sodium-ion batteries have a cycle life of 5,000 cycles, significantly lower than the 6,000 cycles of commercial lithium iron phosphate batteries.
Can Sodium-based Batteries Replace Lithium-ion Batteries?
Sodium-ion batteries could be a great alternative to lithium-ion ones, but they face some hurdles before they can truly take off.
To become the go-to choice for energy storage, they need to improve their technical performance. Researchers are working hard to make these batteries more stable and affordable, while companies are busy establishing a solid supply chain for the necessary materials.
