Iimoto zombane ziguqula uthutho ngokubonelela ngenye indlela ezinzileyo kwiimoto zepetroli. Ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomekeke kwiibhetri, eyona nxalenye iphambili yale mimangaliso yanamhlanje. Eli nqaku liphonononga iintlobo zeebhetri ezisetyenziswa kwiimoto zombane, amandla azo, kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.
Iintlobo zeebhetri ezisetyenziswa kwiiMoto zoMbane
Itekhnoloji yebhetri ihambele phambili kakhulu kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo. Ngokugxila kumandla azinzileyo, siye sahamba ngaphaya kweebhetri ze-lead-acid. Nazi iindidi ezimbini zebhetri eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwizithuthi zombane namhlanje.
Iibhetri zeLithium-ion
Uninzi lweemoto zombane zisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ngenxa yomlinganiselo wabo ophezulu wobunzima bobunzima kunye nokuxinana kwamandla.
Nazi iintlobo ezintandathu eziphambili yekhemistri yebhetri ye-lithium. Okwangoku, i-NMC, iNCA, kunye ne-LFP zilawula imakethi yebhetri ye-EV. Ngo-2023, i-NMC ibambe ngaphezulu kwe-50% yesabelo kwiimoto zabakhweli, ilandelwa yi-LFP ngeenxa zonke. 40% kunye neNCA malunga ne-7%.
Ukusukela ngo-2010s, i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxides ibe ngumgangatho wehlabathi wemveliso yebhetri yemoto yombane (BEV) ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukwembiwa kwezi zimbiwa kuphakamisa inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo. Iibhetri zeNMC zesiNtu zinovakalelo lobushushu, zinomgangatho ophantsi wobushushu obuphantsi, kwaye zithobeka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukongezelela, iibhetri eziqhelekileyo ze-lithium-ion zithwala imingcipheko yomlilo ukusuka kwi-electrolyte eguquguqukayo yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokungazinzi kwe-thermal kwi-anode ye-SEI umaleko ukuba uhlatywe okanye uhlawuliswe ngokungafanelekanga. Iimodeli zangaphambili bezinobunzima bokutshaja kwingqele egqithisileyo kodwa zinokufudunyezwa ngezifudumezi kwiindawo ezithile zemozulu.
Iibhetri zeLithium iron phosphate (LFP) zinexabiso eliphantsi, zikhuselekile, kwaye zigcineke ngakumbi kuneebhetri ze-NMC kodwa zinoluhlu olufutshane. Abafuni iiminerali ezibalulekileyo njengemanganese kunye ne-cobalt. Ukususela ngo-2023, i-LFP ikhokele kwimarike yase-China, nangona ibamba ngaphantsi kwe-10% isabelo semarike eYurophu naseMntla Melika. I-LFP ikwalolona didi luphambili lwebhetri yokugcina amandla egridi.
Iibhetri zeNickel-Metal Hybrid
Iipakethi ze-nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto ezixubileyo, ezidibanisa iinjini zepetroli kunye neenjini zombane. Ezi moto zitshaja ibhetri ekwibhodi zisebenzisa amandla epetroli.
Iibhetri ze-NiMH zihlala ixesha elide kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion kwaye zikhuselekile. Nangona kunjalo, zibiza kakhulu ukuvelisa, ukuvelisa ukushisa okukhulu kumaqondo aphezulu obushushu, kwaye zinezinga eliphezulu lokukhupha. Uninzi lwee-hybrids zanamhlanje zitshintshele kwi-lighter, ngakumbi i-compact lithium-ion ibhetri ukuze usebenze ngcono.
Yintoni uMmandla webhetri yeMoto yoMbane?
Umthamo wamandla webhetri yemoto yombane uyahluka ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwebhetri kunye nemoto. Ilinganiswe ngee-kilowatt-yure (kWh), amandla aphezulu avumela imayile enkulu ngaphandle kokutshaja kwakhona.
Ngo-2023, umndilili webhetri ye-EV yaqala ukusuka 21.3 ukuya kwi-123 kWh, ngomyinge wama-72.2 kWh. I-Tesla Model Y eyaziwayo ine- 75kWh ibhetri enika uluhlu lweemayile ezingama-257, ngelixa iNissan Leaf e + ibonisa a 59kWh ibhetri kunye noluhlu lweekhilomitha ezingama-211.
Ingaba iBattery yeMoto yoMbane ihlala ixesha elingakanani?
Ukuba ucinga ngesithuthi esinoqoqosho, unokuzibuza ukuba ibhetri ihlala ixesha elingakanani.
Ngokubanzi, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwiimoto zihlala malunga I-100,000-200,000 yeemayile okanye i-15-20 iminyaka.
Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bebhetri buxhomekeke kunyango, intlawulo kunye nemijikelo yokukhupha, kunye namaqondo obushushu okusebenza. Iimoto ezininzi zisebenzisa ulawulo oluphambili lwebhetri kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza / zokupholisa ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kunye nokwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
Zilahlwa njani iibhetri ze-EV?
Xa iibhetri zemoto zombane zisilela, ziya phi?
Ngokufanelekileyo, abavelisi banokuphinda bazisebenzise kwiibhetri ezintsha ngokuziqhekeza kunye nokuzaphula ngobushushu okanye iikhemikhali ukukhupha izinto ezixabisekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kuphela ipesenti encinci yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ziphinda zisetyenziswe ngenxa yomsebenzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla. Ukuthumela ezi bhetri kufuna umsebenzi ongaphezulu kunye nezibonelelo kunokukhupha izinto ezintsha, ezikhokelela ekunqongopheni kwenzuzo. Lo mbandela uqwalaselwa njengoko iibhetri ze-lithium ziba ngumthombo wamandla oyintloko wezithuthi.
Ngaba ikhona iTekhnoloji eNtsha kwiibhetri ze-EV?
Ukuqhubela phambili kwiibhetri ze-EV kuyaqhuba kwaye kunokujongana nemiba yokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Ukuphuculwa kuyaqhubeka ekuxininiseni kwamandla, iindleko zemveliso, kunye nokhuseleko. Iinjongo eziphambili kukwandisa umthamo wamandla, ubomi obude, kunye nokhuseleko.
